Difference between revisions of "Tergynian language"
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|+ Pronunciation and writing of numbers in text | |+ Pronunciation and writing of numbers in text | ||
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− | ! N !! Text in | + | ! N !! Text in Tergynian !! N !! Text in Tergynian!! N !! Text in Tergynian |
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− | | 0 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᡄᡃ}} ''tek'' || 10 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷ}} ''par'' || 20 || {{lang|mn| | + | | 0 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᡄᡃ}} ''tek'' || 10 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷ}} ''par'' || 20 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡉᠷᡅ}}, ''čuri'' |
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| 1 || {{lang|mn|ᠠᡏ}} ''am'' || 11 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᡏ}} ''paran am'' || 30 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᡒ}} ''hoč'' | | 1 || {{lang|mn|ᠠᡏ}} ''am'' || 11 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᡏ}} ''paran am'' || 30 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᡒ}} ''hoč'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 2 || {{lang|mn| | + | | 2 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡉᠷ}} ''čur'' || 12 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡒᡉᠷ}} ''paran čur'' || 40 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡈᡒ}} ''duč'' |
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''hor'' || 13 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''paran hor'' || 50 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖᡅ}} ''tavi'' | | 3 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''hor'' || 13 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''paran hor'' || 50 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖᡅ}} ''tavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 4 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''dur'' || 14 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''paran dur'' || 60 || {{lang|mn| | + | | 4 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''dur'' || 14 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''paran dur'' || 60 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᡅᠷᡅ}} ''niri'' |
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''tav'' || 15 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''paran tav'' || 70 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᠠᠯ}} ''dal'' | | 5 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''tav'' || 15 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''paran tav'' || 70 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᠠᠯ}} ''dal'' | ||
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| 7 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''dol'' || 17 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''paran dol'' || 90 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠷ}} ''yir'' | | 7 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''dol'' || 17 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''paran dol'' || 90 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠷ}} ''yir'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 8 || {{lang|mn| | + | | 8 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᠠᡕᡅᠷ}} ''nair'' || 18 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᡕᡅᠷ}} ''paran nair'' || 100 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᠠᡖ}} ''čav'' |
|- | |- | ||
| 9 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''yis'' || 19 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''paran yis'' || 200 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡆᠷ ᡒᠠᡖ}} ''čor čav'' | | 9 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''yis'' || 19 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''paran yis'' || 200 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡆᠷ ᡒᠠᡖ}} ''čor čav'' |
Latest revision as of 17:53, 13 February 2023
Tergynian is a Tergynic language spoken in Cancodia by Tergyns. It is the national language and lingua franca of Tergynia. It is genealogically descended from the Hashod language, but has major influences from the Merged language on its vocabulary and grammar, with a smaller amount of influence from the Qijaric Otoghuz language.
Like most Tergynic languages, Tergynian is an agglutinative language that employs vowel harmony and has the subject–object–verb word order.
Modern Tergynian evolved from the Holjinhar dialect of Classical Tergyn, the court language spoken in the Neo-Tergyn Khaganate of the 17th and 20th centuries. In the transition, a major shift in the vowel-harmony paradigm occurred, long vowels developed, the case system changed slightly, and the verbal system was restructured. Classical Tergynian is itself descended from the Middle Tergyn language, which was the language spoken in the Tergyn Empire of the 12th and 15th centuries. Tergyn literature is well attested in written form from the 12th century with earlier attestation from related languages as early as the 7th century.
Geographic distribution
Tergynian is the official national language of Tergynia, where it is spoken (but not always written) by nearly 3.6 million people (2014 estimate)
Classification and dialects
List of dialects
Phonology
Vowels
Tergyn Clear Script IPA Romanization ᠠ, ᠠᡃ [a, aː] a, aa ᡅ, ᡕᡅ [i, iː] i, ii ᡆ/ᡇ, ᡆᡃ/ᡇᡉ [ɔ, ɔː] o, oo ᡈ/ᡉ, ᡈᡃ/ᡉᡉ [u, uː] u, uu ᡄ, ᡄᡃ [e, eː] e, ee
Front Central Back Short Long Short Long Short Long Close i iː u uː Close-Mid e eː Open-mid ɔ ɔː Open a aː
Tergynian also has four diphthongs: historically /ui, ɔi, ai/ but are pronounced more like [ʉe̯, ɞe̯, æe̯].
Allophones
Short | Initial positions | [a] | [e] | [i] | [ɔ] | [u] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-initial positions | [ă] | [ĕ] | [ĭ] | [ɔ̆] | [ŭ] | |
[ə] | ||||||
Long | Initial positions | [aː] | [eː] | [iː] | [ɔː] | [uː] |
Non-initial positions | [a] | [e] | [i] | [ɔ] | [u] |
ATR harmony
Mongolian divides vowels into three groups in a system of vowel harmony:
+ATR ("front") −ATR ("back") Neutral IPA e, u a, ɔ i Clear Script ᡄ, ᡉ/ᡈ ᠠ, ᡆ/ᡇ ᡅ
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | pal. | plain | lab. | pal. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | pal. | ||
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʷ | tʲ | tʃ | tʃʷ | k | kʷ | kʲ | ||
voiced | b | bʲ | d | dʷ | dʲ | dʒ | dʒʷ | ɡ | ɡʲ | |||
Fricative | f | s | sʷ | ʃ | x | xʷ | xʲ | |||||
Nasal | m | mʷ | mʲ | n | nʲ | ŋ | ||||||
Trill | r | rʲ | ||||||||||
Lateral | l | lʲ | ||||||||||
Semivowel | j | w |
Syllable structure and phonotactics
Stress
Grammar
Morphology
Nouns
Tergynian noun cases Case Suffix English preposition Example (Clear Script) Transliteration Translation nominative – – ᡎᡉᠷ gur country accusative - ‑ᡎ (‑g)
- ‑ᡇᡎ (‑ug), ‑ᡕᡅᡎ (‑ig)
– ᡎᡉᠷᡕᡅᡎ gurig the country (as object) genitive - ‑ᡄᠨ (‑en)
- ‑ᡆᠨ (‑on), ‑ᡉᠨ (‑un)
- ‑ᠠᠨ (‑an), ‑ᠨ (‑n)
- ‑ᡎᡅᡕᡅᠨ (‑gin)
- ‑ᡅ (‑i), ‑ᡅᠨ (‑in)
of ᡎᡉᠷᡄᠨ guren of (a) country; country's dative-locative - ‑ᡑᡄ (‑de)
- ‑ᡑᡆ (‑do)
- ‑ᡑᡉ (‑du)
- ‑ᡕᡉ (‑yu)
on, to, at, in ᡎᡉᠷᡑᡄ gurde in (a) country ablative - ‑ᠠᡃᠰ (‑as), ‑ᡆᡃᠰ (‑oos), ‑ᡈᡃᠰс (‑uus), ‑ᡄᡃᠰ (‑ees)
- ‑ᡕᠠᠰ (‑ias), ‑ᡕᡆᠰ (‑ios), ‑ᡕᡈᠰ (‑ius), ‑ᡕᡄᠰ (‑ies)
- ‑ᠨᠠᡃᠰ (‑naas), ‑ᠨᡆᡃᠰ (‑noos), ‑ᠨᡈᡃᠰ (‑nuus), ‑ᠨᡄᡃᠰ (‑nees)
from ᡎᡉᠷᡄᡃᠰ gurees from (a) country prolative - ‑ᡑᠠᡅ (‑dai), ‑ᡑᡆᡅ (‑doi), ‑ᡑᡈᡅ (‑dui), ‑ᡑᡄᡅ (‑dei)
from ᡎᡉᠷᡑᡄᡅ gurdei by [way of a] country instrumental - ‑ᠠᡃᠷ (‑aar), ‑ᡆᡃᠷ (‑oor), ‑ᡈᡃᠷ (‑uur), ‑ᡄᡃᠷ (‑eer)
- ‑ᡕᠠᠷ (‑iar), ‑ᡕᡆᠷ (‑ior), ‑ᡕᡈᠷ (‑iur), ‑ᡕᡄᠷ (‑ier)
with, using ᡎᡉᠷᡄᡃᠨ gureen with (e.g. by means of a) country comitative - ‑ᡐᠠᡅ (‑tai), ‑ᡐᡆᡅ (‑toi), ‑ᡐᡄᡅ (‑tei)
together with ᡎᡉᠷᡐᡄᡅ gurtei with (e.g. alongside a) country privative - ‑ᡎᡉᡅ (‑gui)
without ᡎᡉᠷᡎᡉᡅ Template:Transl without (a) country directive - ᠷᡇᡉ (roo), ᠷᡉᡉ (ruu)
- ᠯᡇᡉ (loo), ᠯᡉᡉ (luu)
towards ᡎᡉᠷ ᠷᡉᡉ gur ruu towards (a) country
Plurals
Pronouns
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
exclusive | inclusive | ||||||
Nominative | bii | biede | baa | šii | taa | ing | aang |
Genitive | minii | biednii | (maanii) | šinii | taanii | inii | aanii |
Dative | namd | biedende | maande | šamd | taande | yamd (ind) | aande |
Accusative | namii | biednii | (maanii) | šamii | taanii | yamii | aanii |
Ablative | namaase | biedenaas | maanaas | šamaase | taanaas | yamaas | aanaas |
Instrumental | namaare | biedenaar | maanaar | šamaare | taanaar | yamaar | aanaar |
Comitative | namtii | biedentii | maantii | šamtii | taantii | yamtii | aantii |
Negation
Negation is mostly expressed by -gui (-ᡎᡉᡅ) after participles and by the negation particle biš (ᡋᡅᠱ) after nouns and adjectives; negation particles preceding the verb (for example in converbal constructions) exist, but tend to be replaced by analytical constructions.
Numbers
N | Text in Tergynian | N | Text in Tergynian | N | Text in Tergynian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | ᡐᡄᡃ tek | 10 | ᡌᠠᠷ par | 20 | ᡒᡉᠷᡅ, čuri |
1 | ᠠᡏ am | 11 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᡏ paran am | 30 | ᡍᡇᡒ hoč |
2 | ᡒᡉᠷ čur | 12 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡒᡉᠷ paran čur | 40 | ᡑᡈᡒ duč |
3 | ᡍᡇᠷ hor | 13 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡍᡇᠷ paran hor | 50 | ᡐᠠᡖᡅ tavi |
4 | ᡑᡈᠷ dur | 14 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡈᠷ paran dur | 60 | ᠨᡅᠷᡅ niri |
5 | ᡐᠠᡖ tav | 15 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡐᠠᡖ paran tav | 70 | ᡑᠠᠯ dal |
6 | ᠨᡅᠷ nir | 16 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᡅᠷ paran nir | 80 | ᠨᠠᡕᠠ naya |
7 | ᡑᡆᠯ dol | 17 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡆᠯ paran dol | 90 | ᡕᡅᠷ yir |
8 | ᠨᠠᡕᡅᠷ nair | 18 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᡕᡅᠷ paran nair | 100 | ᡒᠠᡖ čav |
9 | ᡕᡅᠰ yis | 19 | ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡕᡅᠰ paran yis | 200 | ᡒᡆᠷ ᡒᠠᡖ čor čav |
Forming questions
Verbs
Negative form
Syntax
Differential case marking
Phrase structure
Clauses
Loanwords and coined words
- Otoghuz loanwords include erden (ᠡᠷᠳᠢᠨᠢ erdini 'treasure')...
- Shurogur loanwords include iher (ᠢᠺᠢᠷ ikir 'twin')...
- Nayati loanwords include...
Other languages have borrowed words from Tergynian.
Writing systems
Linguistic history
Changes in phonology
Consonants
Vowels
Changes in morphology
Nominal system
Verbal system
Changes in syntax
Example text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Tergynian, written in the Tergynian Latin alphabet:
- Hün bür törzh mendlehed erh chölöötei, adilhan ner törtei, izhil erhtei baidag. Oyuun uhaan nandin chanar zayaasan hün gegch öör hoorondoo ahan düügiin üzel sanaagaar haricah uchirtai.
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Tergynian, written in the Tergynian script:
- ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠠᠭ᠃ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠠᠨᠳᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠨ ᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠥᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠬᠥ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Dolphik:
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Template:Languages of Tergynia Template:Tergynic languages Template:Tergynia topics