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Line 19: − {{Infobox Chinese − | t = 八二三炮戰 − | p = bā èr sān pào zhàn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&searchid=Z00000012143|script-title=zh:教育部重編國語辭典修訂本|language=zh-tw|access-date=16 September 2019|quote=字詞 【八二三炮戰】 注音 ㄅㄚ ㄦˋ ㄙㄢ ㄆㄠˋ ㄓㄢˋ 漢語拼音 bā èr sān pào zhàn}}</ref> − | bpmf = ㄅㄚ ㄦˋ ㄙㄢ ㄆㄠˋ ㄓㄢˋ − | w = Pa<sup>1</sup>-erh<sup>4</sup>-san<sup>1</sup> P'ao<sup>4</sup>-chan<sup>4</sup> − | c = − | s = 八二三炮战 − | j = − | mi = − | ci = − | altname = − }} − − The '''Second Barko-Kolonian War''', also known as the '''Autumn War''' or '''Hostage War''', was an high-intensity armed conflict between Barkadia and Kolonia. The war, sparked from an accident aboard a Kolonian observation aircraft that led to its crew landing and being detained in Faulksnia, lasted between September 16th and October 21st 2019. The conflict ended with both nations declaring the existence of their nuclear arsenals, and is considered the closest that the world has come to nuclear war since the weapon's use in the Great War. − ==Overview== − [[File:ROC Quemoy.png|thumb|Location of Quemoy County (pink) relative to Taiwan and the PRC]] − + − On August 24 and 25, 1958 Chinese Communist and Chinese Nationalist forces clashed in the vicinity of [[Dongding Island]], which the Nationalist troops controlled. The action was seen as an attempt by the communists to land on the island. This was the only naval and amphibious landing action during the crisis. The communist forces were repelled from taking the island.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP79-01048A000100030002-3|title=TAIWAN STRAITS|date=27 August 1958|publisher=CIA|quote=Nationalists{...}claim to have driven off "invasion fleet" headed for Tungting Island.}}</ref><ref name="1958 crisis">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/The1958TaiwanStraitsCrisisADocumentedHistory/page/n183|title=The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis_ A Documented History|date=1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA234362/page/n21|title=DTIC ADA234362: Use of Naval Force in Crises: A Theory of Stratified Crisis Interaction. Volume 2|date=December 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1958Awake/page/n603|title=1958 Awake|date=8 October 1958}}</ref> The action has also been seen as an attempt to draw Nationalist forces away from other areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ettoday.net/news/20180822/1240861.htm|script-title=zh:八二三砲戰60週年（四）824海戰 東碇島曾開火|date=22 August 2018}}</ref>+ − {{quote|{...}on the 24th two night naval engagements took place near Quemoy. The clashes resulted from a Chinese Communist attempt at landing on the small island of Tung-Ting in the Quemoy complex. The first attack involved four Chinese Communist gunboats and six small landing craft while the second involved five Chinese Communist gunboats and thirty motorized junks. According to the [[Government of the Republic of China|GRC]] [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Ministry of National Defense]], several enemy ships were sunk and the attack was driven off by seven Chinese Nationalist Patrol craft. The GRC lost one LSM (landing craft, mechanized) and had one LST (landing ship, tank) damaged. Prior to September 3, when they were advised of U. S. escort plans, the Nationalists made five attempts to land an LST with troop replacements and several ships. These efforts were turned back by Chinese Communist PT boats and artillery fire.<ref name="1958 crisis"/>}}+ − + − [[File:USS Lexington (CVA-16) underway during 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis.JPG|thumb|left|The U.S. carrier {{USS|Lexington|CVA-16|6}} (top) with a supply ship and {{USS|Marshall|DD-676|6}} (bottom) off Taiwan during the crisis.]]+ − + − − Also, under a secret effort called "Operation Black Magic", the U.S. Navy modified some of the [[F-86 Sabre]] fighters of the [[Nationalist Chinese Air Force]] with its newly developed early [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] [[air-to-air missile]]s. These missiles gave the Nationalist Chinese pilots a decisive edge over the Chinese Communists' [[Soviet]]-made [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]] fighters in the skies over the Matsu Islands and the Taiwan Strait. The Nationalist Chinese pilots used the Sidewinder missiles to score numerous kills on [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] (PLAAF) MiG aircraft. The operation suffered [[Blowback (intelligence)|blowback]] when one missile lodged in a MiG-17 without exploding, to be removed after landing and reverse-engineered into the Soviet [[K-13 (missile)|K-13]]. − − The US Army's contribution reinforced the strategic [[air defense]] capability of the Republic of China. A provisional [[Nike missile]] battalion was organized at Fort Bliss, TX, and sent via USMTS {{USS|General J. C. Breckinridge|AP-176|6}} to Nationalist China. The 2nd Missile Battalion was augmented with detachments of signal, ordnance and engineers, totaling some 704 personnel. − Twelve long-range {{convert|203|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[M115 howitzer]] artillery pieces and numerous{{How many|date=March 2018}} 155 mm [[howitzer]]s were transferred from the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] to the [[Republic of China Army|Army of the Nationalist China]]. These were sent west to Kinmen Island to gain superiority in the artillery duel back and forth over the straits there.+ − Soon, the Soviet Union dispatched its [[foreign minister]], [[Andrei Gromyko]], to [[Beijing]] to discuss the actions of the PLA and the PLAAF, with advice of caution to the Communist Chinese.+ − On {{Format date|1958|September|22}}, the Sidewinder missile was used for the first time in [[air-to-air combat]] as 32 Republic of China F-86s clashed with 100{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} PLAAF MiGs in a series of aerial engagements. Numerous{{How many|date=March 2018}} MiGs were shot down by Sidewinders, the first "kills" to be scored by air-to-air missiles in combat.<ref name="Sidewinder Missile Information">{{cite DVD|url=http://www.ewarbirds.org/sidewinder.html|title=Sidewinder AIM-9|publisher=US Naval Academy 2012|access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>+ − Soon, the People's Republic of China was faced with a stalemate, as the PLA's artillerymen had run out of artillery shells.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}} The Communist Chinese government announced a large decrease in bombardment levels on {{Format date|1958|October|6}}.+ − U.S. Marine Corps Marine Air Group 11 stationed at [[NAS Atsugi]], Japan was sent to Taiwan in August and landed at Kaohsiung, Taiwan and moved via trucks to Ping Tung Air Base about {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip}} north of Kaohsiung. They remained there, conducting air operations from the WWII Japanese air strip until sometime in the spring of 1959 when they returned to Atsugi. They were joined at Ping Tung by a reinforced rifle company from the Ninth Marines based on Okinawa.{{cn|date=August 2020}}+ − [[File:Aug.23 Artillery Battle Museum 20050707.jpg|thumb|[[August 23 Artillery Battle Museum]] in Kinmen]] − Afterwards, both sides continued to bombard each other with shells containing [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|propaganda leaflets]] on alternate days of the week. This strange informal arrangement continued until the [[Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|normalization of diplomatic relations]] between the United States and the Communist [[People's Republic of China]] in 1979. The timed shelling created little damage and casualties; it was mainly aimed at military compounds and artillery pieces. − On August 23, 2019, the sixty-first anniversary of the beginning of the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]], President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] visited the Taiwushan Martyrs' Shrine ({{lang|zh-tw|太武山忠烈祠}}) where she placed flowers and offered incense.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmdn.gov.tw/1117/1271/1272/309589|script-title=zh:823祭拜先烈 總統蔡英文：勿忘823精神|language=zh-tw|date=24 August 2019|access-date=21 September 2019|website=[[Kinmen Daily News]]|author={{lang|zh-tw|陳冠霖}}}}</ref> − + − *[[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]] − *[[List of battles over Kinmen]] − *[[Chinese Civil War]] − *[[Republic of China Armed Forces]] − *[[Kinmen knife]] − *[[Dongding Island]] − − ==Further reading== − *Bush, R. & O'Hanlon, M. (2007). ''A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America''. Wiley. {{ISBN|0-471-98677-1}} − *Bush, R. (2006). ''Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait''. Brookings Institution Press. {{ISBN|0-8157-1290-1}} − *Carpenter, T. (2006). ''America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Taiwan''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|1-4039-6841-1}} − *Cole, B. (2006). ''Taiwan's Security: History and Prospects''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|0-415-36581-3}} − *Copper, J. (2006). ''Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Taiwan''. Praeger Security International General Interest. {{ISBN|0-275-98888-0}} − *Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning] − *Gill, B. (2007). ''Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy''. Brookings Institution Press. {{ISBN|0-8157-3146-9}} − *Shirk, S. (2007). ''China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-530609-0}} − *Tsang, S. (2006). ''If China Attacks Taiwan: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-40785-0}} − *Tucker, N.B. (2005). ''Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Taiwan-China Crisis''. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-13564-5}} − * Watry, David M. ''Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014. − − == References == − === Citations === − {{Reflist}} − + − * Chen Jian. (2001). ''Mao's China and the Cold War - Beijing and the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958''. The University of North Carolina Press. − * http://www.generals.dk/general/Qiu_Qing-quan/_/China.html − * Ministry of National Defense, R.O.C. [http://www.mnd.gov.tw/English/] − * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061025213630/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/chinesecs/ US Naval War College] − * https://web.archive.org/web/20090326011824/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/bjorge_huai.pdf − ==External links== − {{wikisource|PRC ceasefire message during 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis}} − * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/quemoy_matsu-2.htm http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/quemoy_matsu-2.htm] − * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020727232639/http://www.hfni.gsehd.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/CWIHP/BULLETINS/b6-7a17.htm Mao Zedong's handling of the Taiwan Straits Crisis of 1958] − * [http://www.hfni.gsehd.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/CWIHP/BULLETINS/b6-7a18.htm Khrushchev's Nuclear Promise to Beijing During the 1958 Crisis]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} − * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050503230511/http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/taiwan_straits.php3 First and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, Quemoy and Matsu Islands of Taiwan] from the Cold War Museum − * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16142 The Communist Threat in the Taiwan Area] Contemparary US government reaction − * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZ7LuE3J8Zc YouTube - Taiwan After WW2 | US Army & Republic of China Army Prepare for War with China | Documentary] − {{Chinese Civil War}}+ − {{Cold War}}+ − {{Authority control}} − − + − [[Category:Conflicts in 1958]] − [[Category:Taiwan under Republic of China rule]] − [[Category:Naval history of China]] − [[Category:1958 in China]] − [[Category:1958 in Taiwan]] − [[Category:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower]] − [[Category:August 1958 events]] − [[Category:September 1958 events]] − [[Category:Cross-Strait conflict]] − [[Category:China–United States military relations]] − [[Category:Taiwan–United States military relations]] − [[Category:Military history of Taiwan]]
no edit summary
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict= Second Barko-Kolonian War<BR>八二三砲戰
|conflict= Second Barko-Kolonian War
|partof= [[Barkadian-Kolonian Relations]]
|partof= [[Barkadian-Kolonian Relations]]
| image= xxxxx
| image= xxxxx
|caption=Barkadia and Kolonia
|caption=Barkadia and Kolonia
|date= 16 September{{spaced ndash}}21 October 2019 <br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=08|day1=23|year1=1958|month2=09|day2=22|year2=1958}})
|date= 16 September{{spaced ndash}}21 October 2019 <br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=08|day1=23|year1=1958|month2=09|day2=22|year2=1958}})
|place= Strait of Taiwan
|place= Barko-Kolonian Border, limited exchanges further inland, limited exchanges in Icaria.
|combatant1={{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China]]<br>{{flag|United States|1912}}
|combatant1={{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China]]<br>{{flag|United States|1912}}
|combatant2={{flagicon|PRC}} [[People's Republic of China]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|PRC}} [[People's Republic of China]]
Several ships sunk and several more damaged in the naval battle of [[Dongding Island]]
Several ships sunk and several more damaged in the naval battle of [[Dongding Island]]
}}
}}
The conflict was a continuation of the [[Chinese Civil War]] and [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]]. The [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC) had begun to build military installations on the island of [[Kinmen]] (Quemoy) and the [[Matsu archipelago]]. The [[Chinese People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) began firing artillery at both Kinmen and some of the nearby Matsu islands.
The '''Second Barko-Kolonian War''', also known as the '''Autumn War''' or '''Hostage War''', was an high-intensity armed conflict between Barkadia and Kolonia. The war, sparked from the crew of a Kolonian observation plane being detained in Faulksnia, lasted between September 16th and October 21st, 2019. The conflict ended shortly after both nations declared the existence of their nuclear arsenals, and is considered the closest that the world has come to nuclear conflict since the weapon's first use in the Great War.
==Background & Prelude to War==
Since Kolonia's foundation in 1954, Barkadia and Kolonia have been on continuously unfriendly terms. Ethnic tensions and the Barkadian Monarchy's expansionist policies resulted in the First Barko-Kolonian War, lasting for just over 8 years between 1965 and 1972. As reparations for the conflict, numerous territories, including the cities of Stolska and Bily Lesk, became administered by Kolonia. After The 2005 Revolution, the loss of these territories became a major weakpoint in relations between the countries, eventually culminating in the Stolska Crisis, where Stolska and numerous Western Areas of Kolonia declared independence and rejoined Barkadia. Tensions continued to mount afterwards, leading to numerous standoffs and show-of-force tests.
The American [[Eisenhower Administration]] responded to the request for aid from the ROC according to its obligations in the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty|ROC-United States mutual defense treaty]] that had been ratified in 1954. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] ordered the reinforcement of the [[U.S. Navy]] [[United States Seventh Fleet|Seventh Fleet]] in the area, and he ordered American naval vessels to help the Nationalist Chinese government to protect the supply lines to the islands. In addition, the U.S. Air Force deployed [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100D Super Sabres]], [[McDonnell F-101 Voodoo|F-101C Voodoos]], [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104A Starfighters]], and [[Martin B-57 Canberra|B-57B Canberras]] to Taiwan to demonstrate support for the republic. The F-104s were disassembled and airlifted to Taiwan in [[Douglas C-124 Globemaster II|C-124 Globemaster II]] transport aircraft, marking the first time such a method was used to move [[fighter aircraft]] over a long distance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Peter E.|title=F-104 Starfighter Units in Combat|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2014|pages=22–23|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-1-78096-313-6}}</ref>
On August 28th, 2019, a Kolonian P-1 Naval Observation Aircraft, registration MC-P1-07, suffered a malfunction crippling its right wing. The aircraft, struggling to remain airborne, was forced to land at Morgankeist International Airport in Faulksnia. The detention of the Kolonian crew and the use of interrigation and torture against them led to the September Crisis, culminating on September 15th, when the Kolonian Air Force did a large show of force to simulate a mock attack on the Faulksnian coast. Through the rest of the 15th, political crisis overtook Faulksnia, and tensions between Barkadia and Kolonia worsened critically, with massive material buildups on the border.
==Conflict Overview==
[[File:Lockheed F-104A of the 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Taoyuan Air Base, Taiwan, on Sept. 15, 1958, during the Quemoy Crisis - Operation Jonah Able.jpg|thumb|left |[[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104As]] of the [[83d Fighter Weapons Squadron|83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron]] at [[Taoyuan Air Base]] in September 1958.]]
[[File:ROC Quemoy.png|thumb|Location of Quemoy County (pink) relative to Taiwan and the PRC]]
On September 16th, at around 05:45 Meridan Standard Time, fire was first exchanged on the border. It is unknown which side fired the first shot, as most of the border units in the said sector suffered near 100% casualty rates. Both governments insist the other fired first. Within minutes, there was a rapidly escalating use of tactical artillery bombardments, which led to the general mobilizations of both sides. Kolonian transportation networks, still not fully set up to handle the post-2018 border, were uncapable of transporting the required material to the conflict, and later, defensive zones. This led to an early Barkadian offensive advantage, which allowed for amassed units to push past defenders, which defined the course of the rest of the war.
The confusion between which side fired first meant that the Meridan Treaty's Defensive Clause was not activated, and socialist nations did not immediately rush to the aid of Barkadia. As Barkadian troops quickly pressed further into Kolonia, some capitalist and anti-socialist governments sympathized and send material and military aid to the Kolonians. Within a few days of the war beginning, Kolonian forces were in full scale retreats to secondary defensive lines, leaving many cities to be captured. It is estimated that by the end of the first week of fighting there were 3 million refugees fleeing Westward from the advancing forces.
The first turning point in the war came with the Defense of Mirovana.
==Icarian Theater==
==Conclusion==
==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
==See also==
==See also==
*[[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]]
*[[First Barko-Kolonian War]]
=== Sources ===
==Related Reading==
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Coord missing|Taiwan}}
[[Category:Taiwan Strait|Crisis]]
[[Category:Kerbin History and Events]]