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| | The first turning point in the war came with the Defense of Mirovana. | | The first turning point in the war came with the Defense of Mirovana. |
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| | + | ==Icarian Theater== |
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| − | | + | ==Conclusion== |
| − | [[File:USS Lexington (CVA-16) underway during 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis.JPG|thumb|left|The U.S. carrier {{USS|Lexington|CVA-16|6}} (top) with a supply ship and {{USS|Marshall|DD-676|6}} (bottom) off Taiwan during the crisis.]]
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| − | [[File:Lockheed F-104A of the 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Taoyuan Air Base, Taiwan, on Sept. 15, 1958, during the Quemoy Crisis - Operation Jonah Able.jpg|thumb|left |[[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104As]] of the [[83d Fighter Weapons Squadron|83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron]] at [[Taoyuan Air Base]] in September 1958.]]
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| − | Also, under a secret effort called "Operation Black Magic", the U.S. Navy modified some of the [[F-86 Sabre]] fighters of the [[Nationalist Chinese Air Force]] with its newly developed early [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] [[air-to-air missile]]s. These missiles gave the Nationalist Chinese pilots a decisive edge over the Chinese Communists' [[Soviet]]-made [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]] fighters in the skies over the Matsu Islands and the Taiwan Strait. The Nationalist Chinese pilots used the Sidewinder missiles to score numerous kills on [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] (PLAAF) MiG aircraft. The operation suffered [[Blowback (intelligence)|blowback]] when one missile lodged in a MiG-17 without exploding, to be removed after landing and reverse-engineered into the Soviet [[K-13 (missile)|K-13]].
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| − | The US Army's contribution reinforced the strategic [[air defense]] capability of the Republic of China. A provisional [[Nike missile]] battalion was organized at Fort Bliss, TX, and sent via USMTS {{USS|General J. C. Breckinridge|AP-176|6}} to Nationalist China. The 2nd Missile Battalion was augmented with detachments of signal, ordnance and engineers, totaling some 704 personnel.
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| − | Twelve long-range {{convert|203|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[M115 howitzer]] artillery pieces and numerous{{How many|date=March 2018}} 155 mm [[howitzer]]s were transferred from the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] to the [[Republic of China Army|Army of the Nationalist China]]. These were sent west to Kinmen Island to gain superiority in the artillery duel back and forth over the straits there.
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| − | Soon, the Soviet Union dispatched its [[foreign minister]], [[Andrei Gromyko]], to [[Beijing]] to discuss the actions of the PLA and the PLAAF, with advice of caution to the Communist Chinese.
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| − | On {{Format date|1958|September|22}}, the Sidewinder missile was used for the first time in [[air-to-air combat]] as 32 Republic of China F-86s clashed with 100{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} PLAAF MiGs in a series of aerial engagements. Numerous{{How many|date=March 2018}} MiGs were shot down by Sidewinders, the first "kills" to be scored by air-to-air missiles in combat.<ref name="Sidewinder Missile Information">{{cite DVD|url=http://www.ewarbirds.org/sidewinder.html|title=Sidewinder AIM-9|publisher=US Naval Academy 2012|access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>
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| − | Soon, the People's Republic of China was faced with a stalemate, as the PLA's artillerymen had run out of artillery shells.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}} The Communist Chinese government announced a large decrease in bombardment levels on {{Format date|1958|October|6}}.
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| − | U.S. Marine Corps Marine Air Group 11 stationed at [[NAS Atsugi]], Japan was sent to Taiwan in August and landed at Kaohsiung, Taiwan and moved via trucks to Ping Tung Air Base about {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip}} north of Kaohsiung. They remained there, conducting air operations from the WWII Japanese air strip until sometime in the spring of 1959 when they returned to Atsugi. They were joined at Ping Tung by a reinforced rifle company from the Ninth Marines based on Okinawa.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
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| | ==Aftermath== | | ==Aftermath== |
| − | [[File:Aug.23 Artillery Battle Museum 20050707.jpg|thumb|[[August 23 Artillery Battle Museum]] in Kinmen]]
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| − | Afterwards, both sides continued to bombard each other with shells containing [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|propaganda leaflets]] on alternate days of the week. This strange informal arrangement continued until the [[Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|normalization of diplomatic relations]] between the United States and the Communist [[People's Republic of China]] in 1979. The timed shelling created little damage and casualties; it was mainly aimed at military compounds and artillery pieces.
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| − | On August 23, 2019, the sixty-first anniversary of the beginning of the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]], President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] visited the Taiwushan Martyrs' Shrine ({{lang|zh-tw|太武山忠烈祠}}) where she placed flowers and offered incense.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmdn.gov.tw/1117/1271/1272/309589|script-title=zh:823祭拜先烈 總統蔡英文：勿忘823精神|language=zh-tw|date=24 August 2019|access-date=21 September 2019|website=[[Kinmen Daily News]]|author={{lang|zh-tw|陳冠霖}}}}</ref>
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| | ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| − | *[[The Two Hour War]] | + | *[[First Barko-Kolonian War]] |
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| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | *Bush, R. & O'Hanlon, M. (2007). ''A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America''. Wiley. {{ISBN|0-471-98677-1}}
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| − | *Bush, R. (2006). ''Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait''. Brookings Institution Press. {{ISBN|0-8157-1290-1}}
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| − | *Carpenter, T. (2006). ''America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Taiwan''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|1-4039-6841-1}}
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| − | *Cole, B. (2006). ''Taiwan's Security: History and Prospects''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|0-415-36581-3}}
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| − | *Copper, J. (2006). ''Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Taiwan''. Praeger Security International General Interest. {{ISBN|0-275-98888-0}}
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| − | *Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning]
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| − | *Gill, B. (2007). ''Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy''. Brookings Institution Press. {{ISBN|0-8157-3146-9}}
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| − | *Shirk, S. (2007). ''China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-530609-0}}
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| − | *Tsang, S. (2006). ''If China Attacks Taiwan: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-40785-0}}
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| − | *Tucker, N.B. (2005). ''Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Taiwan-China Crisis''. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-13564-5}}
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| − | * Watry, David M. ''Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.
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| | | | |
| − | == References == | + | ==Related Reading== |
| − | === Citations ===
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| | | | |
| − | === Sources ===
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| − | * Chen Jian. (2001). ''Mao's China and the Cold War - Beijing and the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958''. The University of North Carolina Press.
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| − | * http://www.generals.dk/general/Qiu_Qing-quan/_/China.html
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| − | * Ministry of National Defense, R.O.C. [http://www.mnd.gov.tw/English/]
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061025213630/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/chinesecs/ US Naval War College]
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| − | * https://web.archive.org/web/20090326011824/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/bjorge_huai.pdf
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| | ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |