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Created page with "{{Short description|Official language of Tergynia}} {{Infobox language | name = Mongolian | nativename = {{ubl|{{lang|mn|tergen hel}}|{{MongolUnicode|ᡐᡄ..."
{{Short description|Official language of Tergynia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mongolian
| nativename = {{ubl|{{lang|mn|tergen hel}}|{{MongolUnicode|ᡐᡄᠷᡎᡄᠨ|lang=mn}} {{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡄᠯᡄ|lang=mn}}}}
{{lang|mn|Mongol}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-mn|ˈmɔ̙̃ɴɢɞ̜̆ɮ çe̝ɮ|}}
| states = [[Tergynian Plateau]]
| region = All of [[Tergynia]]
| speakers = 5.2 million
| ethnicity = [[Tergynians]]
| date = 2005
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = [[Tergynic languages|Tergynic]]
| fam3 = Central Mongolic
| ancestor = [[Middle Tergyn]]ian
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Tergynian language]]
| script = {{plainlist|
* [[Tergynian script]]
* [[Tergynian Braille]]
| nation = {{ubl|{{MGL}}|{{CHN}}}}
| agency = {{ubl|Tergynia:|State Language Council}}
| iso1 = tg
| iso2 = ter
| iso3 = ter
| lingua = part of 44-BAA-b
| notice = IPA
| glotto = terg1331
| glottorefname = Tergynian
}}
Tergynian is a Tergynic language spoken in Cancodia by Tergyns. It is the national language and lingua franca of Tergynia. It is genealogically descended from the [[Hashod language]], but has major influences from the [[Merged language]] on its vocabulary and grammar, with a smaller amount of influence from the Qijaric [[Otoghuz language]].
Like most Tergynic languages, Tergynian is an agglutinative language that employs vowel harmony and has the subject–object–verb word order.
Modern Tergynian evolved from the Holjinhar dialect of Classical Tergyn, the court language spoken in the Neo-Tergyn Khaganate of the 17th and 20th centuries. In the transition, a major shift in the vowel-harmony paradigm occurred, long vowels developed, the case system changed slightly, and the verbal system was restructured. Classical Tergynian is itself descended from the Middle Tergyn language, which was the language spoken in the Tergyn Empire of the 12th and 15th centuries. [[Tergyn literature]] is well attested in written form from the 12th century with earlier attestation from related languages as early as the 7th century.
== Geographic distribution ==
Tergynian is the official national language of [[Tergynia]], where it is spoken (but not always written) by nearly 3.6 million people (2014 estimate)
== Classification and dialects ==
=== List of dialects ===
== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
:{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tergyn Clear Script
!IPA
!Romanization
|-
|ᠠ, ᠠᡃ
|[a, aː]
|a, aa
|-
|ᡅ, ᡕᡅ
|[i, iː]
|i, ii
|-
|ᡆ/ᡇ, ᡆᡃ/ᡇᡉ
|[ɔ, ɔː]
|o, oo
|-
|ᡈ/ᡉ, ᡈᡃ/ᡉᡉ
|[u, uː]
|u, uu
|-
|ᡄ, ᡄᡃ
|[e, eː]
|e, ee
|}
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Close
|i
|iː
|
|
|u
|uː
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Close-Mid
|e
|eː
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Open-mid
|
|
|
|
|ɔ
|ɔː
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Open
|
|
|a
|aː
|
|
|}
Tergynian also has four diphthongs: historically /ui, ɔi, ai/ but are pronounced more like [ʉe̯, ɞe̯, æe̯].
==== Allophones ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" | Short
! Initial positions
| [a]
| [e]
| [i]
| [ɔ]
| [u]
|-
! rowspan="2" | Non-initial positions
| [ă]
| [ĕ]
| [ĭ]
| [ɔ̆]
| [ŭ]
|-
| colspan="7" | [ə]
|-
! rowspan="2" | Long
! Initial positions
| [aː]
| [eː]
| [iː]
| [ɔː]
| [uː]
|-
! Non-initial positions
| [a]
| [e]
| [i]
| [ɔ]
| [u]
|}
==== ATR harmony ====
Mongolian divides vowels into three groups in a system of vowel harmony:
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! +ATR ("front")
! −ATR ("back")
! Neutral
|-
|IPA
| e, u
| a, ɔ
|i
|-
|Clear Script
|ᡄ, ᡉ/ᡈ
|ᠠ, ᡆ/ᡇ
|ᡅ
|}
===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Postalveolar
! colspan="3" | Velar
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|lab.}}
! {{small|pal.}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|lab.}}
! {{small|pal.}}
!{{small|plain}}
!{{small|lab.}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|lab.}}
! {{small|pal.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop/<br>Affricate
! {{small|voiceless}}
| p
|
|
| t
| tʷ
| tʲ
|tʃ
|tʃʷ
| k
| kʷ
| kʲ
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| b
|
| bʲ
| d
| dʷ
| dʲ
|dʒ
|dʒʷ
| ɡ
|
| ɡʲ
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
|
|
| s
| sʷ
|
|ʃ
|
| x
| xʷ
| xʲ
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| mʷ
| mʲ
| n
|
| nʲ
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
| rʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral
|
|
|
| l
|
| lʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
|
|
|
|
|
|j
|
|
|
| w
|
|}
=== Syllable structure and phonotactics ===
=== Stress ===
== Grammar ==
=== Morphology ===
=== Nouns ===
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Tergynian noun cases
|-
! Case !! Suffix !! English preposition
!Example (Clear Script)!! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| nominative || – || –
|ᡎᡉᠷ|| gur || country
|-
| accusative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡎ}} (‑g)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡇᡎ}} (‑ug), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡅᡎ}} (‑ig)</li></ul> || –
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡕᡅᡎ}} || gurig || the country (as object)
|-
| genitive || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡄᠨ}} (‑en)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡆᠨ}} (‑on), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡉᠨ}} (‑un)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠠᠨ}} (‑an), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨ}} (‑n)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡎᡅᡕᡅᠨ}} (‑gin)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡅ}} (‑i), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡅᠨ}} (‑in)</li></ul> || of
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡄᠨ}} || guren || of (a) country; country's
|-
| dative-locative|| <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡄ}} (‑de)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡆ}} (‑do)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡉ}} (‑du)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡉ}} (‑yu)</li></ul> || on, to, at, in
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡑᡄ}} || gurde || in (a) country
|-
| ablative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠠᡃᠰ}} (‑as), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡆᡃᠰ}} (‑oos), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡈᡃᠰс}} (‑uus), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡄᡃᠰ}} (‑ees)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᠠᠰ}} (‑ias), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡆᠰ}} (‑ios), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡈᠰ}} (‑ius), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡄᠰ}} (‑ies)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᠠᡃᠰ}} (‑naas), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᡆᡃᠰ}} (‑noos), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᡈᡃᠰ}} (‑nuus), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᡄᡃᠰ}} (‑nees)</li></ul> || from
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡄᡃᠰ}} || gurees || from (a) country
|-
| prolative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᠠᡅ}} (‑dai), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡆᡅ}} (‑doi), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡈᡅ}} (‑dui), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡄᡅ}} (‑dei)</li></ul> || from
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡑᡄᡅ}} || gurdei || by [way of a] country
|-
| instrumental || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠠᡃᠷ}} (‑aar), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡆᡃᠷ}} (‑oor), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡈᡃᠷ}} (‑uur), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡄᡃᠷ}} (‑eer)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᠠᠷ}} (‑iar), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡆᠷ}} (‑ior), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡈᠷ}} (‑iur), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡄᠷ}} (‑ier)</li></ul> || with, using
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡄᡃᠨ}} || gureen || with (e.g. by means of a) country
|-
| comitative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡅ}} (‑tai), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡐᡆᡅ}} (‑toi), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡐᡄᡅ}} (‑tei)</li></ul> || together with
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡐᡄᡅ}} || gurtei || with (e.g. alongside a) country
|-
| privative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᡅ}} (‑gui)</li></ul> || without || {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡎᡉᡅ}} || {{Transl|mn|gurgui}} || without (a) country
|-
| directive || <ul><li>{{Lang|mn|ᠷᡇᡉ}} (roo), {{Lang|mn|ᠷᡉᡉ}} (ruu)</li><li>{{Lang|mn|ᠯᡇᡉ}} (loo), {{Lang|mn|ᠯᡉᡉ}} (luu)</li></ul> || towards || {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷ ᠷᡉᡉ}} || gur ruu || towards (a) country
|}
==== Plurals ====
=== Pronouns ===
{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | 1st Person
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
|-
! rowspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! exclusive
! inclusive
|-
! Nominative
| bii
| biede
| baa
| šii
| taa
| ing
| aang
|-
! Genitive
| minii
| biednii
| (maanii)
| šinii
| taanii
| inii
| aanii
|-
! Dative
| namd
| biedende
| maande
| šamd
| taande
| yamd (ind)
| aande
|-
! Accusative
| namii
| biednii
| (maanii)
| šamii
| taanii
| yamii
| aanii
|-
! Ablative
| namaase
| biedenaas
| maanaas
| šamaase
| taanaas
| yamaas
| aanaas
|-
! Instrumental
| namaare
| biedenaar
| maanaar
| šamaare
| taanaar
| yamaar
| aanaar
|-
! Comitative
| namtii
| biedentii
| maantii
| šamtii
| taantii
| yamtii
| aantii
|}
=== Negation ===
Negation is mostly expressed by ''-gui'' (-{{lang|mn|ᡎᡉᡅ}}) after participles and by the negation particle ''biš'' ({{lang|mn|ᡋᡅᠱ}}) after nouns and adjectives; negation particles preceding the verb (for example in converbal constructions) exist, but tend to be replaced by analytical constructions.
=== Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronunciation and writing of numbers in text
|-
! N !! Text in Mongolian !! N !! Text in Mongolian!! N !! Text in Mongolian
|-
| 0 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᡄᡃ}} ''tek'' || 10 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷ}} ''par'' || 20 || {{lang|mn|хорь}}, ''hori''
|-
| 1 || {{lang|mn|ᠠᡏ}} ''am'' || 11 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᡏ}} ''paran am'' || 30 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᡒ}} ''hoč''
|-
| 2 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡆᠷ}} ''čor'' || 12 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡒᡆᠷ}} ''paran čor'' || 40 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡈᡒ}} ''duč''
|-
| 3 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''hor'' || 13 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''paran hor'' || 50 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖᡅ}} ''tavi''
|-
| 4 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''dur'' || 14 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''paran dur'' || 60 || {{lang|mn|ᡓᠠᠷ}} ''jar''
|-
| 5 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''tav'' || 15 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''paran tav'' || 70 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᠠᠯ}} ''dal''
|-
| 6 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᡅᠷ}} ''nir'' || 16 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᡅᠷ}} ''paran nir'' || 80 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᠠᡕᠠ}} ''naya''
|-
| 7 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''dol'' || 17 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''paran dol'' || 90 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠷ}} ''yir''
|-
| 8 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᡕᠠᡏ}} ''nyam'' || 18 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᡕᠠᡏ}} ''paran nyam'' || 100 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᠠᡖ}} ''čav''
|-
| 9 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''yis'' || 19 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''paran yis'' || 200 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡆᠷ ᡒᠠᡖ}} ''čor čav''
|}
=== Forming questions ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Negative form ===
==Syntax==
=== Differential case marking ===
===Phrase structure===
===Clauses===
== Loanwords and coined words ==
* Otoghuz loanwords include {{lang|mn-Latn|erden}} ({{lang|mn|ᠡᠷᠳᠢᠨᠢ}} {{lang|sa-Latn|erdini}} 'treasure')...
* Shurogur loanwords include {{lang|mn-Latn|iher}} ({{lang|mn|ᠢᠺᠢᠷ}} {{lang|sa-Latn|ikir}} 'twin')...
* Nayati loanwords include...
Other languages have borrowed words from Tergynian.
== Writing systems ==
{{Main|Tergynian writing systems}}
== Linguistic history ==
===Changes in phonology===
====Consonants====
====Vowels====
===Changes in morphology===
====Nominal system====
====Verbal system====
===Changes in syntax===
== Example text ==
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in Tergynian, written in the Tergynian Latin alphabet:
:''Hün bür törzh mendlehed erh chölöötei, adilhan ner törtei, izhil erhtei baidag. Oyuun uhaan nandin chanar zayaasan hün gegch öör hoorondoo ahan düügiin üzel sanaagaar haricah uchirtai.''
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in Tergynian, written in the [[Tergynian script]]:
:ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠠᠭ᠃ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠠᠨᠳᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠨ ᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠥᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠬᠥ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in Dolphik:
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
{{-}}
{{Languages of Tergynia}}
{{Tergynic languages}}
{{Tergynia topics}}
[[Category:Tergynia language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Tergynia]]
{{Infobox language
| name = Mongolian
| nativename = {{ubl|{{lang|mn|tergen hel}}|{{MongolUnicode|ᡐᡄᠷᡎᡄᠨ|lang=mn}} {{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡄᠯᡄ|lang=mn}}}}
{{lang|mn|Mongol}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-mn|ˈmɔ̙̃ɴɢɞ̜̆ɮ çe̝ɮ|}}
| states = [[Tergynian Plateau]]
| region = All of [[Tergynia]]
| speakers = 5.2 million
| ethnicity = [[Tergynians]]
| date = 2005
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = [[Tergynic languages|Tergynic]]
| fam3 = Central Mongolic
| ancestor = [[Middle Tergyn]]ian
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Tergynian language]]
| script = {{plainlist|
* [[Tergynian script]]
* [[Tergynian Braille]]
| nation = {{ubl|{{MGL}}|{{CHN}}}}
| agency = {{ubl|Tergynia:|State Language Council}}
| iso1 = tg
| iso2 = ter
| iso3 = ter
| lingua = part of 44-BAA-b
| notice = IPA
| glotto = terg1331
| glottorefname = Tergynian
}}
Tergynian is a Tergynic language spoken in Cancodia by Tergyns. It is the national language and lingua franca of Tergynia. It is genealogically descended from the [[Hashod language]], but has major influences from the [[Merged language]] on its vocabulary and grammar, with a smaller amount of influence from the Qijaric [[Otoghuz language]].
Like most Tergynic languages, Tergynian is an agglutinative language that employs vowel harmony and has the subject–object–verb word order.
Modern Tergynian evolved from the Holjinhar dialect of Classical Tergyn, the court language spoken in the Neo-Tergyn Khaganate of the 17th and 20th centuries. In the transition, a major shift in the vowel-harmony paradigm occurred, long vowels developed, the case system changed slightly, and the verbal system was restructured. Classical Tergynian is itself descended from the Middle Tergyn language, which was the language spoken in the Tergyn Empire of the 12th and 15th centuries. [[Tergyn literature]] is well attested in written form from the 12th century with earlier attestation from related languages as early as the 7th century.
== Geographic distribution ==
Tergynian is the official national language of [[Tergynia]], where it is spoken (but not always written) by nearly 3.6 million people (2014 estimate)
== Classification and dialects ==
=== List of dialects ===
== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
:{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tergyn Clear Script
!IPA
!Romanization
|-
|ᠠ, ᠠᡃ
|[a, aː]
|a, aa
|-
|ᡅ, ᡕᡅ
|[i, iː]
|i, ii
|-
|ᡆ/ᡇ, ᡆᡃ/ᡇᡉ
|[ɔ, ɔː]
|o, oo
|-
|ᡈ/ᡉ, ᡈᡃ/ᡉᡉ
|[u, uː]
|u, uu
|-
|ᡄ, ᡄᡃ
|[e, eː]
|e, ee
|}
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Close
|i
|iː
|
|
|u
|uː
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Close-Mid
|e
|eː
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Open-mid
|
|
|
|
|ɔ
|ɔː
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Open
|
|
|a
|aː
|
|
|}
Tergynian also has four diphthongs: historically /ui, ɔi, ai/ but are pronounced more like [ʉe̯, ɞe̯, æe̯].
==== Allophones ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" | Short
! Initial positions
| [a]
| [e]
| [i]
| [ɔ]
| [u]
|-
! rowspan="2" | Non-initial positions
| [ă]
| [ĕ]
| [ĭ]
| [ɔ̆]
| [ŭ]
|-
| colspan="7" | [ə]
|-
! rowspan="2" | Long
! Initial positions
| [aː]
| [eː]
| [iː]
| [ɔː]
| [uː]
|-
! Non-initial positions
| [a]
| [e]
| [i]
| [ɔ]
| [u]
|}
==== ATR harmony ====
Mongolian divides vowels into three groups in a system of vowel harmony:
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! +ATR ("front")
! −ATR ("back")
! Neutral
|-
|IPA
| e, u
| a, ɔ
|i
|-
|Clear Script
|ᡄ, ᡉ/ᡈ
|ᠠ, ᡆ/ᡇ
|ᡅ
|}
===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Postalveolar
! colspan="3" | Velar
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|lab.}}
! {{small|pal.}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|lab.}}
! {{small|pal.}}
!{{small|plain}}
!{{small|lab.}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|lab.}}
! {{small|pal.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop/<br>Affricate
! {{small|voiceless}}
| p
|
|
| t
| tʷ
| tʲ
|tʃ
|tʃʷ
| k
| kʷ
| kʲ
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| b
|
| bʲ
| d
| dʷ
| dʲ
|dʒ
|dʒʷ
| ɡ
|
| ɡʲ
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
|
|
| s
| sʷ
|
|ʃ
|
| x
| xʷ
| xʲ
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| mʷ
| mʲ
| n
|
| nʲ
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
| rʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral
|
|
|
| l
|
| lʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
|
|
|
|
|
|j
|
|
|
| w
|
|}
=== Syllable structure and phonotactics ===
=== Stress ===
== Grammar ==
=== Morphology ===
=== Nouns ===
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Tergynian noun cases
|-
! Case !! Suffix !! English preposition
!Example (Clear Script)!! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| nominative || – || –
|ᡎᡉᠷ|| gur || country
|-
| accusative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡎ}} (‑g)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡇᡎ}} (‑ug), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡅᡎ}} (‑ig)</li></ul> || –
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡕᡅᡎ}} || gurig || the country (as object)
|-
| genitive || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡄᠨ}} (‑en)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡆᠨ}} (‑on), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡉᠨ}} (‑un)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠠᠨ}} (‑an), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨ}} (‑n)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡎᡅᡕᡅᠨ}} (‑gin)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡅ}} (‑i), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡅᠨ}} (‑in)</li></ul> || of
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡄᠨ}} || guren || of (a) country; country's
|-
| dative-locative|| <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡄ}} (‑de)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡆ}} (‑do)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡉ}} (‑du)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡉ}} (‑yu)</li></ul> || on, to, at, in
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡑᡄ}} || gurde || in (a) country
|-
| ablative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠠᡃᠰ}} (‑as), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡆᡃᠰ}} (‑oos), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡈᡃᠰс}} (‑uus), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡄᡃᠰ}} (‑ees)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᠠᠰ}} (‑ias), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡆᠰ}} (‑ios), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡈᠰ}} (‑ius), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡄᠰ}} (‑ies)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᠠᡃᠰ}} (‑naas), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᡆᡃᠰ}} (‑noos), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᡈᡃᠰ}} (‑nuus), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᠨᡄᡃᠰ}} (‑nees)</li></ul> || from
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡄᡃᠰ}} || gurees || from (a) country
|-
| prolative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᠠᡅ}} (‑dai), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡆᡅ}} (‑doi), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡈᡅ}} (‑dui), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡑᡄᡅ}} (‑dei)</li></ul> || from
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡑᡄᡅ}} || gurdei || by [way of a] country
|-
| instrumental || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᠠᡃᠷ}} (‑aar), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡆᡃᠷ}} (‑oor), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡈᡃᠷ}} (‑uur), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡄᡃᠷ}} (‑eer)</li><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᠠᠷ}} (‑iar), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡆᠷ}} (‑ior), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡈᠷ}} (‑iur), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡕᡄᠷ}} (‑ier)</li></ul> || with, using
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡄᡃᠨ}} || gureen || with (e.g. by means of a) country
|-
| comitative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡅ}} (‑tai), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡐᡆᡅ}} (‑toi), ‑{{Lang|mn|ᡐᡄᡅ}} (‑tei)</li></ul> || together with
| {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡐᡄᡅ}} || gurtei || with (e.g. alongside a) country
|-
| privative || <ul><li>‑{{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᡅ}} (‑gui)</li></ul> || without || {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷᡎᡉᡅ}} || {{Transl|mn|gurgui}} || without (a) country
|-
| directive || <ul><li>{{Lang|mn|ᠷᡇᡉ}} (roo), {{Lang|mn|ᠷᡉᡉ}} (ruu)</li><li>{{Lang|mn|ᠯᡇᡉ}} (loo), {{Lang|mn|ᠯᡉᡉ}} (luu)</li></ul> || towards || {{Lang|mn|ᡎᡉᠷ ᠷᡉᡉ}} || gur ruu || towards (a) country
|}
==== Plurals ====
=== Pronouns ===
{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | 1st Person
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
|-
! rowspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | singular || rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! exclusive
! inclusive
|-
! Nominative
| bii
| biede
| baa
| šii
| taa
| ing
| aang
|-
! Genitive
| minii
| biednii
| (maanii)
| šinii
| taanii
| inii
| aanii
|-
! Dative
| namd
| biedende
| maande
| šamd
| taande
| yamd (ind)
| aande
|-
! Accusative
| namii
| biednii
| (maanii)
| šamii
| taanii
| yamii
| aanii
|-
! Ablative
| namaase
| biedenaas
| maanaas
| šamaase
| taanaas
| yamaas
| aanaas
|-
! Instrumental
| namaare
| biedenaar
| maanaar
| šamaare
| taanaar
| yamaar
| aanaar
|-
! Comitative
| namtii
| biedentii
| maantii
| šamtii
| taantii
| yamtii
| aantii
|}
=== Negation ===
Negation is mostly expressed by ''-gui'' (-{{lang|mn|ᡎᡉᡅ}}) after participles and by the negation particle ''biš'' ({{lang|mn|ᡋᡅᠱ}}) after nouns and adjectives; negation particles preceding the verb (for example in converbal constructions) exist, but tend to be replaced by analytical constructions.
=== Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronunciation and writing of numbers in text
|-
! N !! Text in Mongolian !! N !! Text in Mongolian!! N !! Text in Mongolian
|-
| 0 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᡄᡃ}} ''tek'' || 10 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷ}} ''par'' || 20 || {{lang|mn|хорь}}, ''hori''
|-
| 1 || {{lang|mn|ᠠᡏ}} ''am'' || 11 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᡏ}} ''paran am'' || 30 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᡒ}} ''hoč''
|-
| 2 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡆᠷ}} ''čor'' || 12 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡒᡆᠷ}} ''paran čor'' || 40 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡈᡒ}} ''duč''
|-
| 3 || {{lang|mn|ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''hor'' || 13 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡍᡇᠷ}} ''paran hor'' || 50 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖᡅ}} ''tavi''
|-
| 4 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''dur'' || 14 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡈᠷ}} ''paran dur'' || 60 || {{lang|mn|ᡓᠠᠷ}} ''jar''
|-
| 5 || {{lang|mn|ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''tav'' || 15 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡐᠠᡖ}} ''paran tav'' || 70 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᠠᠯ}} ''dal''
|-
| 6 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᡅᠷ}} ''nir'' || 16 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᡅᠷ}} ''paran nir'' || 80 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᠠᡕᠠ}} ''naya''
|-
| 7 || {{lang|mn|ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''dol'' || 17 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡑᡆᠯ}} ''paran dol'' || 90 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠷ}} ''yir''
|-
| 8 || {{lang|mn|ᠨᡕᠠᡏ}} ''nyam'' || 18 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᡕᠠᡏ}} ''paran nyam'' || 100 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᠠᡖ}} ''čav''
|-
| 9 || {{lang|mn|ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''yis'' || 19 || {{lang|mn|ᡌᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᡕᡅᠰ}} ''paran yis'' || 200 || {{lang|mn|ᡒᡆᠷ ᡒᠠᡖ}} ''čor čav''
|}
=== Forming questions ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Negative form ===
==Syntax==
=== Differential case marking ===
===Phrase structure===
===Clauses===
== Loanwords and coined words ==
* Otoghuz loanwords include {{lang|mn-Latn|erden}} ({{lang|mn|ᠡᠷᠳᠢᠨᠢ}} {{lang|sa-Latn|erdini}} 'treasure')...
* Shurogur loanwords include {{lang|mn-Latn|iher}} ({{lang|mn|ᠢᠺᠢᠷ}} {{lang|sa-Latn|ikir}} 'twin')...
* Nayati loanwords include...
Other languages have borrowed words from Tergynian.
== Writing systems ==
{{Main|Tergynian writing systems}}
== Linguistic history ==
===Changes in phonology===
====Consonants====
====Vowels====
===Changes in morphology===
====Nominal system====
====Verbal system====
===Changes in syntax===
== Example text ==
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in Tergynian, written in the Tergynian Latin alphabet:
:''Hün bür törzh mendlehed erh chölöötei, adilhan ner törtei, izhil erhtei baidag. Oyuun uhaan nandin chanar zayaasan hün gegch öör hoorondoo ahan düügiin üzel sanaagaar haricah uchirtai.''
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in Tergynian, written in the [[Tergynian script]]:
:ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠵᠦ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠢᠠᠭ᠃ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠠᠨᠳᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠨ ᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠥᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠬᠥ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in Dolphik:
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
{{-}}
{{Languages of Tergynia}}
{{Tergynic languages}}
{{Tergynia topics}}
[[Category:Tergynia language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Tergynia]]